Ventilation Standards

The Swiss IAQ Specialists

Sources

Filter Classifications

Filter Group Integral Value Filter class Separation Efficiency E10 ≥ 85 % E11 ≥ 95 % E12 ≥ 99.5 % H13 ≥ 99.95 % H14 ≥ 99.995 % U15 ≥ 99.9995 % U16 ≥ 99.99995 % U17 ≥ 99.999995 % DIN EN 1822 EPA HEPA ULPA

Heat productions of persons (air temperature 24 °C)

Sensible heat Met a W/Person b W/Person Reclining 0,8 80 55 Seated, relaxed 1,0 100 70 Sedentary activity (office, school) 1,2 125 75 Standing, light activity (shopping, light industry) 1,6 170 85 Standing, medium activity (shop assistant, machine work) 2,0 210 105 Walking 5 km/h 3,4 360 120 a 1 met = 58 W/m 2 b rounded values for a human body with a surface of 1,8 m2.person-1 Total heat Activity

Types of control of the Indoor Air Quality (IDA-C)

Description IDA – C 1 The system runs constantly. IDA – C 2 Manual control The system runs according to a manually controlled switch. IDA – C 3 Time control The system runs according to a given time schedule. IDA – C4 Occupancy control The system runs dependent on the presence (light switch, infrared sensors etc.) IDA – C5 Demand control (number of people) The system runs dependent on the number of people in the space. IDA – C 6 Demand control (gas sensors) The system is controlled by sensors measuring indoor air parameters or adapted criteria, which shall be specified (e.g. CO2, mixed gas or VOC sensors). The used parameters shall be adapted to the kind of activity in the space. Category

Fan Classes

Category PSFP in (W/(m 3 /s) Component PSFP in (W/(m 3 /s) SFP 1 < 500 Additional mechanical filter stage + 300 SFP 2 500 – 750 HEPA Filter + 1000 SFP 3 750 – 1,250 Gas Filter + 300 SFP 4 1,250 – 2,000 Heat recovery class H2 or H1 a + 300 SFP 5 2,000 – 3,000 High duty cooler + 300 SFP 6 3,000 – 4,500 SFP 7 > 4,500 a Class H2 or H1 according to EN 13053 Fan Power Extended PSFP for additional components

Fan power limitation in air-conditioning systems

Constant volume 1.7 kW/(m 3 s) Variable volume 2.3 kW/(m 3 s) Allowable nameplate motor power

Hot gas by-pass limitation

Rated Capacity ≤ 70 kW > 70 kW 50% 25% Maximum hot gas bypass capacity (% total capacity)

Pressure

Category Description (situation with no wind and no stack effect) PC 1 q exhaust > 1,15 q supply PC 2 1,05 q supply < q exhaust < 1,15 q supply PC 3 0,95 q supply < q exhaust < 1,05 q supply PC 4 0,85 q supply < q exhaust < 0,95 q supply PC 5 q exhaust < 0,85 q supply Design pressure conditions in the room, expressed as ventilation air flows

Noise

Single office 30-40 Landscaped office (open plan office) 35-45 a Conference room 30-40 Auditorium 20-35 Cafeteria/Restaurant 35-50 Classroom, Kindergarten 35-45 Department store 40-50 Recommended range Sound pressure dB(A) Type of building/space a For a better privacy of speech, it is in this case recommended not to achieve lower levels in the room

Recomended ambient sound level

Low dBA Average dBA High dBA - 35 40 35 40 45 40 45 50 35 40 45 40 45 50 35 40 45 40 50 55 50 55 60 Area Cinemas, Theatres Private executive Type offices General Offices, other private or semi- private offices Conference rooms Air-conditioned classrooms Hotel bedrooms Places of public resort e.g. shops Circulation areas e.g. staircases, lobbies, car parks

Specification of Types of air

2.1

5.1

1.1

7.1

12 MIA Mixed Air Air which contains two or more streams of air

1 ODA Outdoor Air Air entering the system or opening from outdoors before any air treatment

1.1 SRO Single room outdoor air Air entering the single room air handling unit or opening from outdoors before any air treatment

10 INF Infiltration Leakage of air into building through leakage paths in elements of structure separating it from the outdoor air

2 SUP Supply air Airflow entering the treated room, or air entering the system after any treatment

2.1 SRS Single room supply air Airflow entering the treated room

3 IDA Indoor air Air in the treated room or zone

4 TRA Transferred air Indoor air which passes from the treated room to another treated room

9 LEA Leakage Unintended airflow through leakage paths in the system

11 EXF Exfiltration Leakage of air out of building through leakage paths in elements of structure separating it from the outdoor air

5 ETA Extract air The airflow leaving the treated room

5.1 SET Single room extract air The airflow leaving the treated room into a single room air handling unit

6 RCA Recirculation air Extract air that is returned to the air treatment system and reused as supply air

8 SEC Secondary air Airflow taken from a room and returned to the same room after any treatment

7 EHA Exhaust air Airflow discharged to the atmosphere.

7.1 SEH Single room exhaust air Airflow discharged to the atmosphere from a single room air handling unit.

Classification of extract air (ETA) and exhaust air (EHA)

ETA 1 Extract air with low pollution level This air is suitable for recirculated and transfer air ETA 2 Extract air with moderate pollution level This air is not suitable for recirculated air but it can be used for transfer air into toilets, wash rooms, garages and other similar spaces ETA 3 Extract air with high pollution level This air is not suitable for recirculated or transfer air ETA 4 Extract air with very high pollution level This air is not suitable for recirculated or transfer air EHA 1 EHA 2 EHA 3 EHA 4 Air from rooms where the main emission sources are the building materials and structures, and air from occupied rooms, where the main emission sources are human metabolism and building materials and structures. Rooms where smoking is allowed are excluded. Air from occupied rooms, which contains more impurities than category 1 from the same sources and/or also from human activities. Rooms which shall otherwise fall in category ETA 1 but where smoking is allowed. Air from rooms where emitted moisture, processes, chemicals etc. substantially reduce the quality of the air. Air which contains odours and impurities in significantly higher concentrations than those allowed for indoor air in occupied zones.

Classification of outdoor air (ODA) and indoor air (IDA)

ODA 1 Pure air which may be only temporarily dusty (e.g. pollen) ODA 2 Outdoor air with high concentrations of particulate matter and/or gaseous pollutants ODA 3 Outdoor air with very high concentrations of gaseous pollutants and/or particulate IDA 1 High indoor air quality IDA 2 Medium indoor air quality IDA 3 Moderate indoor air quality IDA 4 Low indoor air quality

Typical range Default value Typical range Default value IDA 1 a a ≤ 400 350 IDA 2 > 0,7 0,83 400 – 600 500 IDA 3 0,35 – 0,7 0,55 600 – 1,000 800 IDA 4 < 0,35 0,28 > 1,000 1,200 a For IDA 1 this method is not sufficient Category CO2-level above level of outdoor air in ppm CO2-level in rooms Rates for rooms not designed for human occupancy Rate of outdoor or transferred air per unit floor area in l/(s.m2)

Transfer rates and indoor air CO₂-Levels

Typical range Default value Typical range Default value IDA 1 > 15 20 > 30 40 IDA 2 10 – 15 12,5 20 – 30 25 IDA 3 6 – 10 8 12 – 20 16 IDA 4 < 6 5 < 12 10 Rate of outdoor air per person in l/(s.person) Non-smoking area Smoking area Category

Rate of outdoor air per person

Outdoor air suply requirement for comfort air-conditioning

l/(s.m 2 ) floor area m 3 /(h.m 2 ) floor area l/(s.person) Air class Restaurants 3.4 12.2 5.1 2 Dance halls 7.0 25.0 10.5 1 Offices 0.6 2.0 5.5 1 Shops, supermarkets and department stores 1.1 3.8 5.5 1 or 2 Theatres and cinemas seating area 2.0 7.3 3.0 1 Lobbies and corridors 0.3 1.1 3.3 1 Concourses 1.1 4.0 3.3 1 Hotel guest rooms 15.0 * 54.0 ** 5.5 1 Primary school children and above 2.8 10.0 4.2 1 Childcare centers 2.8 10.0 8.4 1 * l/(s.room) ** m 3 /(h.room) Minimum Outdoor air supply Type of building/Occupancy Classrooms

Minimum Ventilation Rates in Breathing Zone

General Notes

Specific Notes

GENERAL NOTES 1. Related Requirements: The rates in this table are based on all other applicable requirements of this standard being met. 2. Smoking: This table applies to no-smoking areas. Rates for smoking-permitted spaces must be determined using other methods. 3. Air Density: Volumetric airflow rates are based on an air density of 1.2 kgda/m3 (0.075 lbda/ft3), which corresponds to dry air at a barometric pressure of 101.3 kPa (1 atm) and an air temperature of 21 °C (70 °F). Rates may be adjusted for actual density, but such adjustment is not required for compliance with this standard. 4. Default Occupant Density: The default occupant density shall be used when actual occupant density is not known. 5. Default Combined Outdoor Air Rate (per person): This rate is based on the default occupant density. 6. Unlisted Occupancies: If the occupancy category for a proposed space or zone is not listed, the requirements for the listed occupancy category that is most similar in terms of occupant density, activities, and building construction shall be used. 7. Residential facilities, Health care facilities, and Vehicles: Rates shall be determined in accordance with Appendix E.

Outdoor Air Requirements for Ventilation of Health Care Facilities (Hospitals, Nursing and Covalescent Homes)

“Appendix E”

Estimated Maximum Occupancy #/100m 2 or #/1000ft 2 l/(s.person) l/(sm 2 ) cfm/person cfm/ft 2 Patient rooms 10 13 25 Medical procedure 20 8 15 Operating rooms 20 15 30 Recover and ICU 20 8 15 Autopsy rooms 20 2.50 0.50 Physical therapy 20 8 15 Outdoor Air Requirements Application

Special requirements or codes and pressure relationships may determine minimum ventilation rates and filter efficiency. Procedures generating contaminants may require higher rates.

Air shall not be recirculated into other spaces.

“Appendix E”

Outdoor Air Requirements for Ventilation of Residential Facilities (Private Dwellings, Single, Multiple)

Outdoor Air Requirements for Ventilation of Vehicles

Kitchens Outdoor Requirements 0.35 air changes per hour but not less than 7.5 l/s (15 cfm) per person 50 l/s (100 cfm) intermittent or 12 l/s (25 cfm) continuous or openable windows Application Living Areas 25 l/s (50 cfm) intermittent or 10 l/s (20 cfm) continuous or openable windows 50 l/s (100 cfm) per car 7.5 l/(sm 2 ) (1.5 cfm/ft 2 ) Baths, Toilets Garages: Separate for each dwelling unit Common for several units

l/(s.person) cfm/person l/(sm2) cfm/ft2 Vehicles 15 8 Outdoor Air Requirements Extimatet Maximum Occupancy #/100 m 2 (#/1000 ft 2 ) 150 Application

Whole-building Ventilation

1 2 3 4 5 <47 14 18 21 25 28 47-93 21 24 28 31 35 93-139 28 31 35 38 42 140-186 35 38 42 45 49 186-232 42 45 49 52 56 232-279 49 52 56 59 63 279-325 56 59 63 66 70 325-372 63 66 70 73 77 372-418 70 73 77 80 84 418-465 77 80 84 87 91 Floor Area m 2 Bedrooms Ventilation Air Requirements in l/s

Outdoor air supply for mechanical ventilation in non air- conditioned buildings or parts of buildings with no natural ventilation

Type of building / Occupancy Minimum outdoor air supply air-change/h Offices 6 Restaurants, canteens 10 Shops 6 Workshops, factories 6 Classrooms 8 Car parks 6 Toilets, bathrooms 10 Lobbies, concourse, corridors, staircases and exits 4 Kitchens (commercial, institutional and industrial) 20

Minimum Exhaust Rates

A Stands where engines are run shall have exhaust systems that directly connect to the engine exhaust and prevent escape of fumes. B When combustion equipment is intended to be used on the playing surface, additional dilution ventilation and/or source control shall be provided. C Exhaust not required if two or more sides comprise walls that are at least 50% open to the outside. D Rate is per water closet and/or urinal. Provide the higher rate where periods of heavy use are expected to occur, e.g., toilets in theaters, schools, and sports facilities. The lower rate may be used where use is intermittent. E Rate is for a toilet room intended to be occupied by one person at a time. For continuous system operation during normal hours of use, the lower rate may be used. Otherwise use the higher rate. F See other applicable standard for Exhaust rate.